Clinical Research Article for Publication in Journal - 1

Clinical Research for Publication in Journal - Article Example In light of the discoveries, the investigation talks about and makes an association between consistence, schizophrenia and the current impacts on male recuperation process. Moreover, the examination tries to build up steering reasons for rebelliousness in the endeavor to make the association. In the field of medication, consistence otherwise called capacitance, adherence, or Concordance is the degree and readiness to which a patient reasonably follows clinical remedies from wellbeing experts. Conventionally, it alludes to tranquilize consistence, however the immense clinical field can likewise ascribe it to different circumstances, for example, clinical hardware use, self-coordinated preparing, self consideration or mental meetings (Fadem, 2014, p. 106). Outstandingly, consistence is a precarious circumstance influenced by both the patient and the social insurance provider. Apparently, a positive doctor understanding compatibility is the most basic factor in re-molding consistence; in any case the taking off expense of professionally prescribed medicine likewise contributes a significant job (McEvoy, 2006, p. 16). By and large, consistence gets mistook for concordance; in any case, the last remains the course by which a social insurance supplier and patient settle on choi ces together in regards to a treatment procedure. Boss hindrances to similarity incorporate unexpected frailty education, ethnicity, age distinction, the unpredictability of contemporary prescription regimens, course finish, and absence of origination to treatment benefits. Simultaneously, instances of non-talked about percussions, poor correspondence and significant expense of professionally prescribed medication enormously influence consistence. Verifiably, endeavors to decidedly change consistence targets rearranging solution bundling, starting powerful prescription updates, improving patient guidance, and lessening the quantity of concurrent meds. All around, rebelliousness is a premier obstacle to the fruitful conveyance of

Murder Mystery story Essay Example for Free

Murder Mystery story Essay This is likewise making sure about the perusers viewpoint on Sherlock Holmes. All through the Speckled Band Sherlock Holmes shows his unmistakable capacity to unravel the specific importance of a circumstance. While Holmes is doing this, the peruser turns out to be increasingly more confounded about the circumstance close by. This is the place Conan Doyles first individual account gets vital to the story. He utilizes Dr. Watson as an interpreter of Holmes virtuoso. Watson enables the perusers to see precisely whats going on and, as it were, comforts their brains. This is common of Arthur Conan Doyle. He makes a mental fight in the brains of the peruser. He utilizes Holmes to make an issue with translation of groupings past and to come and afterward improves it through Watson. This is the thing that makes all Conan Doyles stories so splendid for the peruser. Conan Doyle utilizes Holmes to develop tension with a potential blemish in Holmes brightness when he pronounces that the committer of the wrongdoing is more tricky than himself. This is basic to the story. Holmes has been depicted as the best criminologist in England so far and now he himself proclaims that he has been crushed. This makes extraordinary anticipation for the peruser. Additionally among Holmes capacities is his capacity to mask himself. He causes himself to give off an impression of being an individual with unmistakable business at the Roylott domain. This individual should imagine that we had come as engineers or on some unequivocal business. This adds to Holmes rundown of excellencies. He is currently playing with the brain of the miscreant so as to achieve he task he has been set. The sudden completion. Before the finish of the Speckled band Doyle has made such tension and disarray in the psyches of the perusers that they are holding up in critical expectation to discover how it will end. The Speckled Band is, truth be told, a toxic snake local to India, the living spot of Dr. Roylott for quite a while. Roylott utilized the snake to clear its path through the ventilation and into the room of Miss Stoner and harm her. Regardless of how wise the peruser they would not be able to foresee this closure. This is a great closure since it astounds the peruser and despite the fact that the character of the miscreant was evident completely through the story, it was never clear how he would have killed his stepdaughter. This is again incredible composition by Conan Doyle. He develops pressure by rehashing the occasions of the past death of Julia Stoner when Holmes re-authorizes the successions of that decisive night with Helen Stoner as a snare for Dr. Roylott. Arthur Conan Doyle utilizes huge symbolism and portrayal to keep the peruser stuck. It is with this symbolism that he makes the strain and makes a feeling of catastrophe in the psyche of the peruser. The word dark is rehashed a few times, and this gives a sentiment of fate and awkwardness. This, combined with nighttime, quiet, obscurity and the various expressions of evil symbolism makes progressively pressure for the peruser. Everything develops and gives the peruser a motivating force to continue, to discover what will happen in the following succession. Completely through there is a puzzling climate and this solitary drives the story further into the exemplary homicide riddle kind. Everything down to he landscape and particularly the structures make a strained air. Conan Doyle needs to place an image into the psyche of the peruser, to such an extent that they can nearly observe precisely they are finding out about. Dim, lichen-blotched stone windows broken image of ruin. All these are unmistakable components of a house that can be picture in a vast number of various ways for every individual peruser. As this article finishes up the Speckled Band by sir Arthur Conan Doyle is an exemplary homicide puzzle story. All the standards in the subsequent section have been satisfied. There can be no contention that Sherlock Holmes is the best anecdotal analyst in the entire of English writing and Arthur Conan Doyle is, without question, the most critical author of great Murder Mystery stories up to the current day. Show review just The above see is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle area.

Tired All the Time It Might Not Be Depression

Tired All the Time It Might Not Be Depression Depression Symptoms Print Tired All the Time? It Might Not Be Depression Depression-Like Symptoms That Could Point to Another Illness By Leonard Holmes Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 28, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Basak Gurbuz Derman / Getty Images More in Depression Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Depression-Like Symptoms Thyroid Problems Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Fibromyalgia Autoimmune Disorders Sleep Disorders View All Back To Top Sometimes symptoms that seem to point to depression can actually be pointing to something else entirely. Here, we look at illnesses that have similar symptoms to depression. Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee Depression-Like Symptoms Imagine that you have the following complaints: You are tired all the timeYou have no motivation for things you once enjoyedYouve had a change in your eating habits (either eating more or lost your appetite)You lack energyYou are sleeping a lot (or you have trouble sleeping)You are depressed or anxious While these symptoms are often caused by depression, they could be caused by several other conditions. For example, thyroid problems and chronic fatigue syndrome  can also result in these symptoms. Its even possible, although probably less likely, that you have fibromyalgia, sleep apnea, or an autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Thyroid Problems Thyroid problems can lead to either weight loss and feelings of anxiety, or weight gain and feelings of depression.?? They can also result in a complex mix of symptoms that dont seem to make sense. Other common symptoms of hypothyroidism include those that are also common in depression, such as difficulty concentrating, sluggishness, and fatigue.   While they are separate conditions, depression can often be a symptom of hypothyroidism. The traditional model of thyroid function suggests that hypothyroid (underactive thyroid) results in depression and weight gain,  while hyperthyroid (overactive  thyroid) results in anxiety and weight loss. Research suggests that nearly 70% of people who are diagnosed with hypothyroidism experience symptoms of depression.?? The traditional treatment involves medications that bring your body chemistry under control. Symptoms of depression may get better or go away once the underlying thyroid condition has been treated appropriately with medication. In order to determine what is going on, your doctor will use blood tests to confirm the presence of a thyroid condition. These tests look at the levels of thyroid hormones including thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). However, standard blood tests may sometimes miss T3 and T4 hormone levels, which can also be indicators of thyroid functioning. If you are having symptoms of depression, talk to your doctor about the possibility of a thyroid condition. Ask your doctor to check free T3 and free T4 levels along with TSH. Overview of Thyroid Disease Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a condition that is characterized by severe fatigue that interferes with your everyday life, as well as several other symptoms  such as memory problems, headaches, and muscle and joint aches.?? The underlying cause of chronic fatigue syndrome hasnt yet been discovered, and treatment may involve certain medications or alternative therapies. Because chronic fatigue syndrome shares symptoms with other medical and psychiatric illnesses, it is not uncommon for it to be misdiagnosed as depression or some other condition. People may also experience both CSF and depression at the same time. One important distinction between the two conditions is that while individuals with depression feel disinterested in doing the things they used to enjoy, those with chronic fatigue usually still have an interest in activities but lack the energy to do them. Talk to your doctor if you have symptoms such as severe fatigue so that you can be evaluated to determine if it is CSF, depression or some other factor causing your exhaustion. Overview of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Fibromyalgia Fibromyalgia seems to overlap with chronic fatigue, but people with this disorder also have chronic pain all over their bodies.?? The disorder is usually diagnosed by tender points  in certain muscles that respond with pain when touched a certain way. Sleep disturbance is also common in chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia. Research is ongoing into the causes of fibromyalgia  and treatment often involves a multi-pronged approach. Estimates suggest that 40% of people with fibromyalgia also have a co-occurring major depressive disorder.?? Like depression, there is no specific test that can diagnose fibromyalgia. Instead, doctors must rely on an assessment of your health history and symptoms. While fibromyalgia shares some common symptoms with depression, diagnosis of the condition requires the presence of widespread pain and tenderness in the body. Treatment for fibromyalgia usually involves a combination of treatments, therapies, and lifestyle changes. Pain medications and antidepressants are often used to control some of the symptoms of this condition. Overview of Fibromyalgia Autoimmune Disorders Autoimmune disorders involve the immune system attacking the body. Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune processes have also been implicated in diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS). These disorders almost always involve a complex symptom picture, which can include depression.?? While these conditions arent nearly as common as depression, they can present with some similar symptoms. One study found that autoimmune disorders may play a role in triggering the onset of depression.?? The study found that having an autoimmune disorder increased the risk of subsequent depression by 45%.   Depression may be linked to autoimmune conditions for biological reasons, but dealing with chronic illness can also contribute to symptoms of depression. Research has found that depressive symptoms typically emerge over the course of an autoimmune condition and are associated with psychosocial factors, chronic pain, and long periods of disablement.?? Overview of Autoimmune Diseases Sleep Disorders Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, can also cause many symptoms similar to those of depression.?? Sleep apnea is a type of sleep disorder that causes people to stop breathing in their sleep. It can make sleep difficult and lead to daytime fatigue. Past research has shown that sleep disturbances can have a serious impact on mood.?? One study found that approximately 46% of people with sleep apnea have symptoms of depression.?? If you snore or if you feel that your sleep is disturbed, speak with your doctor about the possibility of further testing. Your doctor will evaluate your health history and look for symptoms of sleep apnea or another sleep disorder. These symptoms may include snoring, excessive daytime tiredness, dry mouth, difficulty sleeping, and repeated nighttime waking. Overview of Sleep Apnea A Word From Verywell While depression remains one of the most common causes of symptoms like tiredness and fatigue, its not the only condition that produces depression-like symptoms, which underscores the importance of seeking a proper diagnosis. Its also possible to have more than one diagnosis (known as comorbid conditions) with overlapping symptoms. For example, there are people who have both clinical depression and hypothyroidism. Your best bet is to work with your health care provider in exploring your symptom picture and getting an official diagnosis. How to Talk to Your Doctor About Depression

The Role Of Transactional And Transformational Leadership...

Comparison Matrix Paper . Article one entitled â€Å"Transformational leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter?† by Wright and Pandey, discusses the public organization and goes against stereotypical beliefs that they are filled with bureaucracy. Next â€Å"The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel,† written by Emery and Barker job satisfaction in the banking food store businesses. The last article titled â€Å"Differential effects of Females and male candidates on system justification: Can Cracks in the glass ceiling foster complacency?† by Brown and Diekman pertains to the lack of equality in politics for women. The authors addressed three main points the what, when and how of these theories will be analyzed. The authors suggest that public organizations are not as bureaucratic as stereotypically believed and that the performance measures in place support higher l evels of transformational leadership in these organizations. (Wright Pandey 2009). The standards are tested regarding transformational leadership. The veracity by which the authors discuss transformation leadership intends to leave the reader to draw their own conclusions. Transformational Leadership in the in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter? The authors suggest that public organizations are not as bureaucratic as stereotypically believed and that the performance measures in placeShow MoreRelatedExpanded Comparison Matrix Paper1550 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Advanced Graduate Studies and Scholarship July 9, 2012 The three articles used for this comparison matrix looked at transformational leadership and how it affects those in relation to each study. The three articles were all written with a different purpose in mind, with all three correlating to the same hypothesis, â€Å"How does transformational leadership affect employees/individuals in different settings?† With similarities found in topic, it was also evident that there were severalRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Starwood Hotels1617 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Styles Within Starwood A customer contact center (CCC), is a dynamic, diverse and powerful support component, working behind the scenes for Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. Starwood is a fully integrated owner, operator and franchisor of hotels, resorts and residences, including a vacation ownership segment (starwoodhotels.com, n.d.). Their hotel brands include: Westin, Sheraton, W Hotels, Aloft, Element, LeMeridien, Four Points by Sheraton, The Luxury Collection andRead MoreExpanded Comparison Matrix paper1825 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Expanded Comparison Matrix Paper of Transformational Leadership Leona Sgardner Grand Canyon University: RES811 Introduction to Research March 26, 2014 Comparison Matrix Paper of Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership’s influence on job performance, job satisfaction, employee attitudes, and employee engagement has been studied and compared to the influence of transactional leadership on the same. This paper compares three studies by three differentRead MoreComparision Matrix1517 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzed Transformational Leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter, written by Bradley Wright and Sanjay Pandey in April of 2003. The writer’s intent concluded that followers must be flexible in order for their leader to motivate them beyond satisfaction of their job performance. According to Wright and Pandey (2003), transformational leaders essentially direct, inspire, and empower their employees. Article two analyzed the Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership stylesRead MoreEssay about Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management4498 Words   |  18 PagesThis suggests that the gender composition of managerial ranks is li kely to change in the medium term, with concurrent changes in the typical leadership style valued in the industry. This article seeks to explore and quantify the differences in gender-based perceptions of leadership styles and outcomes in the hospitality industry. Using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ; Bass Avelio, 1995), a well-established self-administered instrument, the researchers used a snowballing technique toRead MoreDrivers of Hospitality Industry Employees Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Job Performance11346 Words   |  46 PagesManagement Vol. 4(18), pp. 4118-4134, 18 December, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM ISSN 1993-8233  ©2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Drivers of hospitality industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance Ming-Chun Tsai1, Ching-Chan Cheng2* and Ya-Yuan Chang3 Department of Business Administration, Chung Hua University, No. 707, Sec.2, WuFu Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan 300, Republic of China. 2 Department of Food andRead MoreFred Maiorino Case8410 Words   |  34 Pagesincluding a new performance appraisal system and a hands-on coaching style to motivate his sales staff. The problem arose with Reed’s inability to motivate Fred (Buller Schuler, 2003). Major Issues The major issue is this case is Reed’s inability to motivate Fred, which inevitably led to the dismal of a long-time loyal employee. The major issues associated with this motivation problem include Reed’s unsuccessful leadership attempt, the de-motivating factors of the appraisal system, and the violationRead MoreThe Impact Of Managerial Styles On Organizational Effectiveness7129 Words   |  29 PagesACTIVITY: 1 Task 1: An evaluation of leadership theories. Task 2: An evaluation of the impact of managerial styles on organizational effectiveness. Task 3: An analysis of how motivational theory can inform employee motivation. Task 4: An analysis of theories relating to work relationships and interaction. Please consider these as a report: Leadership theories: For decades, leadership theories have been the source of numerous studies. In reality as well as in practice, many have tried toRead MoreConcept of Leadership8600 Words   |  35 PagesConcept of Leadership Leadership - what is it? Many definitions have been offered, cultural stereotypes abound, numerous programs focus on leadership development, but the question remains. In fact, leadership is many different things to different people in different circumstances. When we think of leadership, we often think first of famous individuals. We may think of great political leaders: Washington, Churchill, Roosevelt. We may think of the leaders of social movements: Gandhi, Martin LutherRead MoreThe Impact Of Managerial Styles On Organizational Effectiveness9615 Words   |  39 PagesTask 1 1. An evaluation on leadership theories 2. An evaluation of the impact of managerial styles on organizational effectiveness 3. An analysis of how motivational theory can inform employee motivation 4. An analysis of theories relating to work relationships and interaction Report Evaluation of leadership theories There are various theories of leadership and they each carry their own values for decades now. To become a successful leader one must not only understand but learn to follow

The Role Of Television Programs On Children Essay

As humans, we learn to adapt in order to survive. With technology being everywhere in our modernized society, we have adapted by incorporating it into our everyday lives, including television. Over 90% of homes today own at least one TV. On average, children (8 months to 8 years of age) in the US are being exposed to 4 hours of television per day (Hamel and Rideout). What does this mean for the development of children? Instead of pushing away our TV’s because of distractions, we can use them to educate the next generation. While books have always been the base for learning for many centuries, times are changing. We live in a new era where everything demands a higher level of expertise. Kids these days need a better education in order gain the necessary skills to succeed later in life. Television has the ability to promote early learning and development in children. By introducing education earlier, through the use of television programs, kids will voluntarily engage themselve s in learning without even realizing it. Educational programs and TV shows expose children to language outside of their home, overall improving their understanding of language and actions associated with it. Instead of throwing our technology to the side and sticking to the old fashion books, we should be integrating new forms of education with the changing times. TVs allow children to actively learn verbally and visually, making it more effective than any book. By altering programs to expose childrenShow MoreRelatedEssay about Children and Television1536 Words   |  7 Pagesaccess to television programming. With the variety of programs available children are exposed to many factors concerning choice. These choices can lead to a wide array of results depending on the type of content which is viewed. Positive programming can promote the learning of valuable skills and knowledge to enable success in life, while negative programming may have diverse opposite effects. The contents of television programming affect the health, behaviors and learned life skills in children. FirstRead MoreMass Media as an Agent of Socialisation1747 Words   |  7 PagesLoretta F. Kasper, Socialization is the process in which a child learns how to behave in life and participate in a group in society. Socialization has four basic/main agents: family, school, peers and the mass media. Each one of these agents plays a role in our lives. However, in my opinion, the most important agent of socialization for the development of the child is the Mass Media. The Mass media is a significant force in modern culture. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture where mediaRead MoreEssay about Positive Television584 Words   |  3 Pagesbecame a major influence shaping the attitudes, values, and behaviors of children, but unfortunately very often in undesirable ways. According to the essay Family Counterculture by Ellen Goodman, it even came to the point that parents are forced to say no to almost everything the media offer. In fact, the majority of parents perceive television as a promoter of passivity, consumerism, and violence. No doubt, some of the programs and ads on TV can distract kids from normal childhood activities likeRead More Television and Society Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision and Society In Marie Winn’s Essay â€Å"Television: The Plug In Drug,† she states, â€Å"Television’s contribution to family life has been an equivocal one.† Winn focuses on the issue of televisions influence in the lives of American families. Her emphasis is on the mediums influence on children. Although she makes a strong case for the negative influence of television, she fails to consider all of the benefits television has brought to American families. On its own, the television is neitherRead MoreEssay about The Role of Violence and Television883 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision and Violence One of the increasing problems in today`s society is the violence caused by watching too much television. In 1950`s only 10% of American households had television, but today that number reached higher levels and 99% of households own one or more. Television is most of the time amusement and entertainment for many young people, especially children. Television itself has an impact on everyone. Some researches show that television has good sides and that can be entertainingRead MoreEssay on How Television Impacts our Children1123 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision has been around for over a half century. The first view of TV in the United States took place at a Worlds Fair in 1939, but standard television broadcasting did not begin until the late 1940s. Worry about the influence of television on children began when TV was in its early years. Early on in the 1950s, educators and parents began to ask legislators to do something about the amount of violence on TV. This concern still exists today. Parents have reservations about the quality of televisionRead MoreMedia Violence and the Affects It Has On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Violence and the Affects It Has On Children The media clearly has an impact on our lives and especially the young, impressionable and weak-minded people in our society. Children become desensitized to violence when they see it everyday on TV, in theaters and even in video games. They are not becoming properly aquatinted with what is real, what is not, and the effects of it all. Even TV news deadens anyones perception of reality. People ofRead MorePortrayal Of Gender Stereotypes Of Children s Television Commercials1639 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes in Children’s Television Commercials. Liuyi Bian University of Florida Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in gender portrayal in children’s television commercials. The hypothesis that stated, if an observed television program is determined to be intended for girls, then the colors used in the commercials would be predominantly intended for girls, is strongly supported. To do content analysis, we first gathered a sample of 50 television commercials airedRead MoreEssay Positive Effects of Television Upon Children1630 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Television Upon Children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without a doubt, television is the central and principal form of communication in many people’s lives. This form is most often exposed to a child who instantly becomes accustomed to its presence. Children are televisions largest audience, as Morris shows, â€Å"Children aged two to five look at the TV tube on an average of 28.4 hours a week; those between the ages of six and eleven average 23.6 hours a week†. Television has played an important role in many children’sRead More Cartoon Violence, Has it gone too Far Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesViolence on television in general is damaging to society. But the specific targeting of the younger population through the use of cartoons to show violence is destructive and in no way helping to profit the upcoming generation. Violence in cartoons is harmful to children in many ways. Desensitizing children, increasing aggressiveness, and increasing their fear of becoming victims in real life, are all ac credited to violence on television. â€Å"Myriad studies show that television violence affect

 The Great Gatsby Essay Free Essays

What are personal desires? How do we make the decision to decide between our desires and choosing to conform? When making a decision between desires and conforming it is a difficult choice that we all face in our lives. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿ The Great Gatsby Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scott Fitzerald it demonstrates the difficult conflict between what we want and conforming. When we have personal desires it can be difficult to conform. The first way in which Fitzgerald shows the idea of the choice between our desires and conforming is through The Valley of the Ashes. The Valley of the Ashes is a place created by the dumping of industrial ashes where people of a lower class live and work these people who live there have a desire to live â€Å"The American Dream†. The people in the valley have to chose to either pursue their dream or to conform to the lifestyle. It is a difficult choice to decide to pursue the desire to live a different life style so many choose to conform to the lifestyle that they are living in. The second way in which Fitzgerald shows the idea of the choice between our desires and conforming is through the green light. The green light is at the end of Daisy Buchanan’s dock and it represents Gatsby’s love for her. Gatsby has a desire to be with Daisy. Gatsby has the choice between his love for Daisy and conforming to the social norms and accepting that Daisy is now married. The choice between love and conforming to what society sees as right is a difficult choice for Gatsby. When we have personal desires it can be difficult to conform. This idea is present in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald through the symbols of The Valley of the Ashes and the green light at the end of the Buchanan’s dock. How to cite ï » ¿ The Great Gatsby Essay, Essays

 The Great Gatsby Essay Free Essays

What are personal desires? How do we make the decision to decide between our desires and choosing to conform? When making a decision between desires and conforming it is a difficult choice that we all face in our lives. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿ The Great Gatsby Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scott Fitzerald it demonstrates the difficult conflict between what we want and conforming. When we have personal desires it can be difficult to conform. The first way in which Fitzgerald shows the idea of the choice between our desires and conforming is through The Valley of the Ashes. The Valley of the Ashes is a place created by the dumping of industrial ashes where people of a lower class live and work these people who live there have a desire to live â€Å"The American Dream†. The people in the valley have to chose to either pursue their dream or to conform to the lifestyle. It is a difficult choice to decide to pursue the desire to live a different life style so many choose to conform to the lifestyle that they are living in. The second way in which Fitzgerald shows the idea of the choice between our desires and conforming is through the green light. The green light is at the end of Daisy Buchanan’s dock and it represents Gatsby’s love for her. Gatsby has a desire to be with Daisy. Gatsby has the choice between his love for Daisy and conforming to the social norms and accepting that Daisy is now married. The choice between love and conforming to what society sees as right is a difficult choice for Gatsby. When we have personal desires it can be difficult to conform. This idea is present in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald through the symbols of The Valley of the Ashes and the green light at the end of the Buchanan’s dock. How to cite ï » ¿ The Great Gatsby Essay, Essays

How Do The Poets Convey Isolat... free essay sample

How Do The Poets Convey Isolation in Disabled and Refugee BluesBoth Wilfred Owens Disabled and W.H. Audens Refugee Blues address the themes of marginalization, misery and hopelessness as well as depicting the struggles and suffering that arises from these. Owens poem is inspired from his time at Craig Lockhart hospital during WW1 and his encounters with the various soldiers who were sent there while Audens work is based on the anguish faced by the German Jewish refugees who were forced to leave Germany. Disabled has a structured rhythm which reflects the soldiers strict regimented lifestyle. On the other hand, Auden incorporates the blues rhythm, which has a twelve-bar system, into his poem. The Blues genre is symbolic for the fact that it was used by slaves to talk about their problems while working. By using this genre, the poet wants the reader to understand that the refugees are talking of their problems. Owen begins by creating a melancholy picture where a soldier is depicted in a gloomy, alienated state, sitting alone in a wheelchair. Owen immediately conveys the soldiers sense of isolation by starting the poem with the third person pronoun: He which indicates that the soldier could be one of many affected by the war. The poet further reinforces the soldiers feeling of isolation and loneliness when he talks of the soldier as He sits in a ghastly suit of grey, waiting for dark. In this case, the euphemism dark could represent both nighttime and death, directing the reader to the soldiers sense of desperation and misery. The poet goes on to tell us that he wore a ghastly suit of grey exacerbating his marginalization for this could be the uniform given to the patients in the Army hospital. Additionally, this could also be seen as the soldiers wheelchair which has confined him and taken away his ability to move and his independence. Here, the use of ghastly and grey is effective as it conveys the soldiers dull and negative demeanor, portraying him as old and withered despite his young appearance. Auden meanwhile informs his audience of the plight that the German Jews face. The entire poem is narrated from their perspective. The constant repetition of the last line in each verse highlights the idea that they are disenfranchised. Right from the beginning of the poem where Auden talks about Some are living in mansions, some are living in holes, Auden makes us realize the difference between the Germans and the Jews. The constant juxtaposition in then and now is the same as Disabled. There, the soldier reflects on his life before he went to war, while here, the Jews reflect on their life before Hitler went to war. Additionally, it creates a vivid picture in the readers minds as it informs them of the quandary of the refugees and how there is no home for them. When the consul banged the table, we are aware that he had the power to deny them while they were absolutely powerless. This emphasizes societys distrust of the Jews, for even a consul, who is a figure who advises and helps is aggressively trying to reject the Jews. Owen complimentarily illustrates the soldiers experience as unjust and undeservedly harsh. The counsel tells them that if youve got no passport, youre officially dead. These words highlight the idea that he feels they are totally unimportant and they may as well be dead. However, the irony is that we are still alive, my dear, but we are still alive. Auden makes use of pathetic fallacy in the line thought I heard thunder rumbling in the sky which foreshadows the upcoming havoc the Nazi regime is preparing to wreak. To the Germans, the Jews were considered to be distinctly unimportant and they were determined to exterminate the race completely as though they were vermin. The reader is reminded that the German Jews were in a peculiar predicament, for Hitler with his Anti-semitic views was propounding his theories all across Europe saying, They must die. As Hitler was the only powerful authority at that time and ruled over Europe, the Jews were silenced, marginalized and disenfranchised in their own country.Evidently, Owen considers societys attitude towards the soldier as harsh and callous. This is clear in the three-line stanza some cheered him home†¦ inquired about his soul as the three lines could display the brevity of the acknowledgement he r eceived or the fact that the soldiers life has literally been shortened. By using a three-line stanza, which contrasts to the rest of the poem, the poet isolates the stanza and compares it to the soldier, who has also been marginalized in comparison to everyone else. Owen ends the poem by repeating the clause Why dont they come? which is a euphemism for death, informing the reader of the soldiers pain, despair and alienation. The unanswered question evokes sympathy and pity from the reader, for it could allude to the soldier waiting for the nurses to put him to bed, showing the reader the extent of damage caused and how it restricts him. Owen further emphasises peoples distaste for the soldier in the simile all of them touch him like some queer disease. Queer has harsh connotations and links to the soldiers entrapment and separation from society as it is defined as peculiar and inconvenience; this implies that the soldier is an inconvenience to society. By referring to him as a disease, Owen dehumanizes the soldier and highlights societys disregard for h im as they feel the soldier is going to infect them. This simile shows the girls inability to connect with the now damaged soldier, who is longing to feel again how slim girls waists are. Auden on the other hand, dehumanizes the Jews by comparing them to animals. He refers to them as symbols to show their presence in society. The anthropomorphic statements Saw a poodle in a jacket and saw a door opened and a cat let in accentuate their neglect as society would much rather pamper animals and deem them human than consider helping a marginalized race. It also creates a hierarchical disproportion as people consider animals to be worthier than Jews. The poet creates an image of freedom and carelessness in the line fish swimming as if they were free: Only ten feet away which juxtaposes the position of the fish with the Jews, who are unable to live as if they are free and displays the couples sense of frustration as they can see what they cannot have. Throughout the poem, Owen breaks the tense atmosphere by switching between the ethereal light blue trees of his youth to the present, where the soldier is powerless. An example of this is when the fruitful language of girls gl anced lovelier and glow lamps budded is cut short by the caesura in the short, blunt line before he threw away his knees. Owen explores the soldiers life as being inescapable and incessant torment through the personification of mothering sleep, which suggests that the soldier draws comfort from escaping his tortuous present. The theme of unending entrapment is further explored in Refugee Blues through the dreams of the refugee, where he sees a building with a thousand floors, A thousand windows and a thousand doors, representing the extent of isolation and exile the German-Jews face, for even in their dreams, they cannot have anything. The repetition of the words a thousand emphasizes the refugees feeling of disenfranchisement and neglect. Audens use of dreams differs to Owens nostalgic dream-like memories in that Owen presents the dreams as an escape to a better time where the soldier felt happier, while, Auden portrays dreams as a place where the Jews have nothing. In each stanza, the last line contains the words my dear followed by an ominous statement such as Yet theres no place for us now which r eveals the effect of the exile on the couple, where each stanza ends with a cry for help. Owen, instead, chooses to refrain from communicating with the reader to stress the soldiers inability to make contact with society. Auden makes a comparison between the past and present in the line We once had a country and thought it fair to express the couples feeling of exclusion. Owen also makes a comparison between the soldiers pre-war and post war experiences. By using In conclusion, Both poems Disabled addresses these through the use of sudden comparisons between two points in the soldiers life while Refugee Blues uses emotive and vivid language to suggest that the couples future is

Deviance Essays (386 words) - Criminology, Social Constructionism

Deviance Deviance Not everyone behaves in the way society expects or approves. Since children they start to change the values of their own parents. As adults, they may choose entirely different ways of life. In all societies, there are people who dream of being what they aren't. Sometimes they decide to challenge the system, to push out beyond the limits established by law or tradition. Political radicals, school dropouts, women who refuse the role of homemaker or mother. They are willing be labeled troublemakers or simply, deviants because they believe that society's norms should change. Professional thieves, and bank robbers also violate norms, but their deviance is not usually based on a belief that society should change. More commonly on thieves, is that they always want a bigger reward for what they do for a living. Sociologists define deviance as behavior that violates an essential social norm. Deviants are people who go beyond the limits of socially acceptable behavior. Although the definition of deviance is simple, deviant acts in real life are hard to turn down. No single act, not even taking another person's life is forbidden at all times in any human society. Deviance is relative. What is deviant behavior in one place may be acceptable in another place. For an act to be deviant, it must be considered so by law or rules. A behavior may be seen as normal, even desirable, by some people and as deviant by others. For example, a student who spends a lot of time doing library research may win a teacher's respect and appreciation but be considered as a nerd by other students. What is normal or desirable to the teacher can be deviant to other students. Some of these students, those who refuse to study are deviant by the norms of the teacher and of most of society. In our society is easy to find varieties between acceptable and unacceptable behavior and the punishment for violation of the norm. Such variations are more characteristic of large, advanced societies like ours than of small societies bound by a set of strong, shared traditions. In the topic of Crime, discusses lawbreaking, an obvious form of deviance, and the methods used by society in attempting to control it. They are three important theories of deviance: anomie, deviant subcultures, and labeling. Sociology Essays

Free Essays on Voodoo

First and foremost Voodoo is a religion. It is the dominant religion of Haiti. Voodoo is a religion that originated in Africa and was brought to Haiti by slaves, where it is still widely practiced by most inhabitants. Many of the practices and descriptions of Voodoo belief may sound to us like superstition, but then, imagine the beliefs of Christianity to people who know nothing about it. Most aspects of this religion are positive and it affects all aspects of the people's lives, such as morality, economics, safety, relationships and health. In Voodoo there is one God, Bondye. The three important categories of other spiritual beings are: Loa, The twins, and The dead. Loa are the various spirits of family members. The spirits of the major forces of the universe are: good, evil, reproduction, health, and all aspects of daily life. Loa interacts with the people of the earth. They mount people now and again during religious ceremonies and they give messages, and even cause various good and bad things to happen to people. The twins are a curious and rather mysterious set of forces of contradictions, good and evil. If honored now and again in religious services they will tend to help you have the better side of life. The dead is mainly the souls of one's own family members who have died but have not yet been reclaimed by the family. Ignored family dead are dangerous. Honored and cared for family dead are helpful. The central and key aspect of Voodoo is healing people from illness. Such healing activities prob ably constitute sixty percent of all Voodoo activity. Healers heal with herbs, faith healing with the help of Loa and other spirits and, today, even with western medicine. The priesthood of Voodoo contains both men (houngan) and women (mambo). Their functions are: healing, performing religious ceremonies to call or pacify the spirits, holding initiations for new priests (tesses) (kanzo service and taking th... Free Essays on Voodoo Free Essays on Voodoo First and foremost Voodoo is a religion. It is the dominant religion of Haiti. Voodoo is a religion that originated in Africa and was brought to Haiti by slaves, where it is still widely practiced by most inhabitants. Many of the practices and descriptions of Voodoo belief may sound to us like superstition, but then, imagine the beliefs of Christianity to people who know nothing about it. Most aspects of this religion are positive and it affects all aspects of the people's lives, such as morality, economics, safety, relationships and health. In Voodoo there is one God, Bondye. The three important categories of other spiritual beings are: Loa, The twins, and The dead. Loa are the various spirits of family members. The spirits of the major forces of the universe are: good, evil, reproduction, health, and all aspects of daily life. Loa interacts with the people of the earth. They mount people now and again during religious ceremonies and they give messages, and even cause various good and bad things to happen to people. The twins are a curious and rather mysterious set of forces of contradictions, good and evil. If honored now and again in religious services they will tend to help you have the better side of life. The dead is mainly the souls of one's own family members who have died but have not yet been reclaimed by the family. Ignored family dead are dangerous. Honored and cared for family dead are helpful. The central and key aspect of Voodoo is healing people from illness. Such healing activities prob ably constitute sixty percent of all Voodoo activity. Healers heal with herbs, faith healing with the help of Loa and other spirits and, today, even with western medicine. The priesthood of Voodoo contains both men (houngan) and women (mambo). Their functions are: healing, performing religious ceremonies to call or pacify the spirits, holding initiations for new priests (tesses) (kanzo service and taking th...

Contemporary issues in managing human resources Essay - 1

Contemporary issues in managing human resources - Essay Example As averred by Ferris, et al. (1999), â€Å"driven by a number of significant internal and external environmental forces, HRM has progressed from a largely maintenance function, with little if any bottom line impact, to what many scholars and practitioners today regard as the source of sustained competitive advantage for organizations operating in a global economy† (p. 385). Further, contemporary HRM issues include the more qualified term using strategic HRM as establishing the link towards monitoring the quality of employee performance. Another pervading concern of global organizations is the option for downsizing, specifically when external environmental pressures and competitive factors impinge on the decision-making process, to ensure survival and continued production and operation. In this regard, the current research aims to proffer issues in contemporary HRM, particularly focusing on downsizing. The objective is planned to be attained by initially defining relevant terms , such as HRM, strategic HRM, and downsizing. A concluding portion would highlight the significant issues discussed as supported by various authoritative sources from academic journals on the subject of HRM. Definition of Terms An examination of various definitions of HRM by authors, academicians, and management practitioners, shows more common elements than disparate concepts. After synthesizing these elements, the following definition is arrived at: HRM is the art and science of acquiring, motivating, maintaining, and developing people in their jobs in light of their personal, professional and technical knowledge, skills, potentials, needs and values and in synchronization with the achievement of individual, organization and society’s goals. HRM deals only with people so that they can manage the other resources within their domain of responsibilities more effectively. On the other hand, strategic human resources management (SHRM) is defined by Boxall and Purcell (2003) as à ¢â‚¬Å"concerned with explaining how HRM influences organisational performance. They also point out that strategy is not the same as strategic plans. Strategic planning is the formal process that takes place, usually in larger organisations, defining how things will be done. However strategy exists in all organisations even though it may not be written down and articulated. It defines the organisation’s behaviour and how it tries to cope with its environment.† Authors Boxall and Purcell examined the interrelationships and extent by which organizational goals are achieved and influenced by HRM. They differentiated HRM from SHRM by indicating that â€Å"HRM was defined as including â€Å"anything and everything associated with management of employment relations in the firm† (Boxall & Purcell, 2000, p. 184). The theoretical basis for the inclusion of the word strategic to HRM was detailed using a review of various literatures from scholars on the subject. Boxall and Purcell finally averred at this definition of SHRM as â€Å"concerned with the strategic choices associated with the use of labour in firms and with explaining why some firms manage them more effectively than others† (2000, p. 185). According to Miller (2001), â€Å"HRM could not be conceptualized as a stand-alone corporate issue† (p. 348). The inclusion of strategy was regarded as a necessary addition to incorporate marketing efforts to gain competitive advantage with effective use of the

Cluster Competencies and their Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cluster Competencies and their Behavior - Essay Example This, as the name suggests, is used to prioritize the work which was decided should be included in the above strategic orientation. This helps in further organizing the whole situation and focuses the attention of different subjects on the relevant topics so they can be compiled effectively and efficiently. This narrows down the task at hand even more. It basically looks at the results that wish to be achieved and then makes sure that the priorities have been set properly. This helps in maintaining a positive relationship with the task being designed and the overall result being achieved. This is the crux of cluster competency. It basically involves organization and maintaining a constant and positive flow of information in the form of updates on the project being performed with all the members involved in the job. This helps individuals adapt more easily to the situation and helps streamline all tasks so that more can be accomplished in less time. The work of a member acting as a leader is crucial. He is responsible for providing his team with direction and guidance so that they are not led astray and keep on track so that no energy is wasted in irrelevant work. This is vital to working as a group. ... Development Developing Self This competency in a person makes sure that he takes responsibility of himself and makes sure that he is responsible for his own self improvement. Developing Others This is vital to working as a group. Improving oneself while improving the performance of others while giving constructive criticism is going to help the group perform better and consequently improve performance. Developing Networks In the age of globalization, one task cannot be complete with just a normal group. This is why seeking and identifying any outside the group members within the organization will help in the fast processing of information like computer experts. Reasoning and management Critical Thinking This looks at the situation from a broader perspective to make sure that things are going according to plan. Problem solving A vital part in competencies is to manually identify by making a conscious effort and then find effective solutions for it. Decision making Once a problem has been identified, a decision should be made to effectively and efficiently solve it. This is vital to the whole situation otherwise there was no need for the other preceding parts. Communication Verbal Being clear in your conversations and eliminating any communication gaps is helpful before getting down to work. Written The need to make everything clear to others is vital because it doesn't matter how innovative someone is, if he cannot present his information in a proper and organized way in a report, he is useless for the team. Numerical Statistics need to be interpreted to make sure that the plan formed by the team is going to succeed or not. This can only be done by projecting numbers and interpreting information

Rational Choice Theory

Rational Choice Theory Critically explore the proposition that individuals freely and rationally choose to commit crime. This essay will critically discuss the proposition that individuals freely and rationally choose to commit crime. Alternative criminological theories such as the Positivist tradition and more recent sociological perspectives of crime will be examined. This paper will conclude the proposition of the rational criminal is one of many constructions used within criminology to understand criminal behavior. The idea that individuals freely and rationally choose to commit crime stems from the Classical School. Eighteenth century philosophers such as Jermemy Bentham, and Cesare Beccaria are associated with the classical tradition. During the Enlightenment varied theories such as the social contract and utilitarianism provided the initial context for the theorization of criminal activity in society. It is argued (Garland 2001 p.11) the classical school characterizes the offender as a rational free-willed actor who engages in crime in a calculated, utilitarian way and is therefore responsive to deterrent.’ Classical philosophers were engaged by the criminal justice system and punishment in order to investigate wider socio-economic aspects of the Enlightenment era. It must be suggested that criminal actions by the individual was not the main agenda of Classical theorists. But the school did provide a platform to enable discussion as to what motivates an offender to commit crime. To understand the reasons why the individual was seen in a rational calculating manner it is important to discuss the ideas of the social contract and utilitarianism. The classic tradition is founded upon social contract theories by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. John Locke wrote about the unwritten social contract between state institutions (such as the monarchy) and its citizens. Locke placed an emphasis on all individuals being equal, while those in sovereign power define a clear systematic framework for protecting citizen’s fundamental rights. The belief in human free will and self interest according to Locke and Rousseau, meant the existence of society would be untenable if all individuals were motivated by selfish interests governing the way they lived. It is assumed that all humans are rational, capable of self interest and are liable to commit crimes as an expression of their free will. Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan suggested the ‘right of all sovereigns is derived fr om the consent of every one of those who are to be governed.’ (Wikipedia 2006) Thus individuals are viewed rationally as citizens who have sacrificed part their freedom in making the social contract with the state. This sacrifice allows them to ‘live in a peaceful society’ and not in an anarchic state of nature without laws and rules to govern conduct. Those who break their contract by not abiding specific community rules, cause harm which must be punished accordingly in proportion to their criminal conduct. Violating the social contract leads to sanctions, in order to carry out state punishment on those individuals who have chosen to commit a crime. Beccaria was one of the most prominent social writers advocating a classical approach to crime in society. The text Dei Delitti e Delle Pene (Crimes and Punishments 1764) discussed the idea of a justice system able to determine the appropriate levels of punishment for violations. Beccaria is influential as he supported the reform of the criminal justice system and viewed crime in terms of the harm made to society rather than to the individual victim of a crime. Beccaria applied the social contract model to crime and criminal justice. Thus Beccaria believed all humans were rational beings. Consenting to the social contract meant giving up a partial amount of individual liberty to the sovereign power. In turn this agreement allowed authorities to impose proportionate punishment to those breaking the established rules of the state. For example the social contract idea was applied to legal regulation of crime and those who commit it; that laws are the ‘conditions under which indepe ndent and isolated men united to form society and tangible motives had to be introduced to prevent the despotic spirit.’ These take the form of punishments established against those who break the law. (Jones 2001, Chap 5) It follows that such violators of the law are therefore engaged in an irrational act. Crime is viewed as an irrational act as the deviant activity is perceived to be against the best interests of the public. Beccaria also followed a rationalized proportionate view of how the state should respond to such criminal individuals. For example he argued the true measure of the seriousness of a crime is the harm to society and not the intention of the offender. Thus the punishment given by the state must be determined in public to ensure deterring others contemplating such acts. Beccaria argued for deterrence measures to prohibit future criminal intentions and activity. Such reasoning held that the threat and certainty of detection is an effective form of deterrent. Once detected the punishment of the crime should be swift to ensure maximum impact and effect. Beccaria’s system relies on its clarity and simplicity. It is a proportional system in which punishment and sentencing aims to prevent re-offending and control crime. Secondly such a system and laws represent the ‘moral consensus of society’ acknowledging the seriousness of the crime. (Hamlin 2006) Jeremy Bentham was a key figure of classical theory and was influenced by Beccaria’s work. Bentham approached the proposition that individuals choose to freely commit crime within a utilitarian framework. This was applied to the penal system and crime. Bentham created the ‘felicitation principle’, that whatever activity is committed should endeavor to give the maximum happiness to the largest number of people in society. Bentham formulated the moral calculus also known as the pleasure-pain principle. For example Bentham supposed that man is a rational calculating animal, who can judge probable gains against the pain likely to be imposed. Thus ‘if the pain outweighs the gains he will be deterred and this produces maximum social utility.’(Wikipedia 2006) Bentham used the utilitarian idea to advocate the need for a rational justice system which was ‘graduated’, based on the principle of proportionality to ensure fairness. Bentham’s ph ilosophical ideas laid the foundation for new forms of penal systems, such as incarceration as a sanction, to fit the type of crime committed. (Garland 2002 pp.20) Thus classical theory argued that deterrence could be maximized through the proportional criminal justice system. Such an approach called for the reform of excessive state punishment which was humane in penal sanctions. Through examining the impact of an individual’s capacity to freely commit crime, the classical writers helped to lay the initial foundations of how criminal behavior could be studied and theorized in later modern criminology. The classical theories which believe in the rational sentience of human beings have been heavily criticized for being too simplistic, and assumptive. For example Gilbert Geis (1955) suggested Bentham’s classical theory was a ‘total failure to consider criminals as human beings as live complicated variegated personalities.’ The critics of the classical school further point out the crucial weakness in Bentham’s utilitarian pleasure – pain principle. The moral calculus of cost benefit analysis is flawed in two ways. First it relies of the hypothesis that for deterrence to be successful the offender will act rationally. Successive criminological schools such as the positivists have challenged this rational assumption of humans. Classical theories can be criticized on the basis of failing to take into account individual circumstances and the unsophisticated manner it perceives human beings to act. Crime can often be a ‘spontaneous reaction to a situ ation’ (Wikipedia 2006) which can be unplanned and without rational intention to commit it. Secondly the principle uses this same line of assumption in deciding a graduated scale of punishment according to the seriousness of the offence. In relying on a just desserts model of punishment it assumes ‘the more serious the harm likely to be caused the more the criminal has to gain.’ (Wikipedia 2006) Therefore Bentham has been criticized for painting man as an unrealistic calculating individual. It suggests that subsequent criminal activity can only be the result of free choice by those who choose to commit the crime. It does not take into account the varied differences within the human condition or wider sociological factors which attribute other alternative factors for the causes of crime. Criticism of the classical school highlights the lack of scientific evidence to back the moral, economic and social assumptions within the theories of Beccaria and Bentham. For example Garland (2002 pp.20) discusses the methodological criticisms of the classicist school for its ‘unscientific reliance upon speculative reasoning rather than observed facts.’ The rejection of speculative thinking of the human condition challenged the basic proposition that individuals freely and rationally choose to commit crime in society. It is argued by Garland while such criticisms emphasize the lack of scientific knowledge; both Beccaria and Bentham were not criminologists but philosophers writing in the eighteenth century. Criminology as a distinct form of study can trace its roots back to certain ideas published by prominent social contract writers. Primarily Bentham and others where not occupied in scientific debate but philosophical social and economic study. Social contract writers emphasized ‘the importance of reason and experience, denigrating theological forms of reasoning.’ (Garland 2002 pp.20) It is in this sense unfair to criticize Enlightenment writers’ contention of the rational free will from a criminological standpoint. Such classical theories were not created specifically to consider the study of crime on its own. But they attempt to engage in a modern dialogue objectively dealing with current social issues of the era avoiding, ‘irrational superstitious beliefs and prejudices’ in discussions. This can be seen in Beccaria’s work which was not criminological but an extensive body of ‘work related to the political economy’. Garland (2001 pp. 20) argues that despite the classicists’ lack of a scientific methodology, their interests helped to develop ways of investigating how and why crime is caused in society. For example Garland argues that topics such as ‘psychology of offending, natur e of criminal motivation, and state control to regulate individual conduct’ are central issues explored by classical writers to examine the notion of rational free will in a wider academic context. They were in Garland’s view ‘attempting to understand the roots of human conduct rather than develop a particular knowledge of offenders and offending.’ (Garland 2002 pp. 23) In response to the classical traditions’ scientific weakness, the ‘Neo-Classical’ school of thought emerged maintaining the belief that humans were rational beings with individual free will and the capacity for responsibility. Such individuals can be controlled by the fear of punishment. The Neo –Classical perspectives looked to external explanatory factors in examining crime. For example it located the concept of the individual’s free will and choice to commit crime within a broader landscape of the influence of social environmental factors. Such outside f actors could be used to asses the seriousness of the crime and the corresponding punishment to be given by the state. The proposition that crime is committed by free will and rational choice was attacked by the positivist school. Positivists looked to overcome the lack of sophistication of classical theory by using a ‘scientific’ style to examine aspects of the criminal and criminality. The main text which aimed to uncover the ‘science of the criminal’ (Garland 2002 pp.23) was by Cesare Lombroso LÚomo Delinquente in 1876. Lombroso is widely seen as the father of modern criminology, concentrating on the subject of crime by offenders. Lombroso believed in the primacy of scientific empirical study to answer why people commit crimes. This school of thought contested the classical proposition that crime was a product of free will and rational though processes of humans. Concepts of biological determinism suggested there were external forces outside the control of the individual in determining the capacity for criminal behavior. For example studies by Lombroso, Ferri and Garof alo investigated the concept of the ‘born criminal’ from distinctive physical traits and examining social factors influencing the causes behind crime. The work of Lombroso was influenced by the cultural impact of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and the existing anthropological studies which initially were used to help understand human motivations behind crime. Garland (2002 pp.24) suggests that positivists clearly rejected the classicists idea of rational free will due the belief in ‘the conception of the criminal as a naturally occurring entity, a fact of nature rather than social or legal product.’ Such an approach led to the natural scientific study of the criminal type, to ‘trace its characteristics, its stigmata, its abnormalities and eventually identify the causes which make one person a criminal and another individual a normal citizen.’ The focus on the existence of criminal types which are predetermined rather than chosen by the free will of individuals, suggested the positivist school also refuted the classical view on criminal justice and punishment. The positivists’ emphasized the need for treatment instead of penal measures as a mechanism for crime control by the state. The rejection of the free will of rational actors is important as positivist theory aims to distinguish between those who commit crime from those who do not. The notion of free will is in this sense attacked as a ‘metaphysical abstraction’ (Garland 2002 pp.24) while the deterrence theory was deemed a failure in sentencing practice. Within this background a second strand of positivist study developed known as the Governmental Project. It involved a series of government sponsored empirical enquiries. Such studies sought to chart crime patterns and monitor police and prison practice in eighteenth century Britain. Such studies le d to classical views to fall from favor. For example proportional sentencing in response to differing levels of harm was seen as a ‘failure to differentiate between different types of offender.’ Thus the positivist approach it can be suggested was a flexible rehabilitative approach to preventing and treating criminality, as criminals themselves are not responsible for actions as they are already pre determined. The importance of positivist views was to establish the connection between scientific methods analyzing all aspects of criminality, with the individual and the wider social context. From this premise a wide and far reaching academic discipline of criminology has become established within the last century examining issues such as why crime is committed by offenders. While many of the findings of the Lambroso project have since been discredited its impact and ideas on rehabilitative treatment as a form of social control on crime have had an important effect on policy formers working within the criminal justice system. Modern positivist criminologists still share the view that human behavior is not just a by product of choices, but is determined by biological, psychological or social forces. It can be suggested that this belief has helped to widen the discourse on ways of explaining why individuals commit crime under the influence of ‘deterministic’ factors. The proposition that crime is committed by individual rational beings has also been challenged by the rise of the wide-ranging category of sociological criminological theories. For example according to Rock (2002 pp.51) sociological approaches explaining crime is vastly different to the classicist and positivist approach to understanding why crime is committed by the individual. Instead of focusing on the individual as the basis for empirical study, sociological theories draws from an array of potential causal factors. Thus the sociological method will aim to study the significance of social institutions, group behavior and interaction between communities and the individual. Sociological methods include Durkheimian and Mertonian anomie theories, the Chicago School, and Labeling theory, all which cast unique social factors locating the individual in a group setting as to understand criminal behavior. Rock (2002 pp.51) argues this approach highlights the fact ‘crime is centrally bound up with the states attempts to impose it’s will through law; the meaning of those attempts to the law-breaker, law-enforcer and victim.’ This only serves to demonstrate a diverse approach to examining crime from all aspects of those involved in the criminal justice system. Early classicist thought viewed in light of sociological theories shows there are many theoretical starting points to discuss the fundamental question whether the individual freely chooses to commit crime as a rational being. Other disciplines such as criminal psychology, has aided the study of crime through medical analysis. For example Hollin (2002 p.145) states that the distinctive branch of criminological psychology is ‘concerned with the use of psychology to help explain criminal behavior.’ It is focused ‘on the individual’ as to what motivates criminal activity within the individual and society at large. Criminological psychology explores the proposition of the individual committing crime. For example behavioral theory stresses the importance of the in individual comprehending the consequences of the act for the individual concerned.’(Hollin 2002 p.151) This serves to show how other modern theories look at the role of the individual and responsibility in relation to criminal activity within society. In conclusion this paper would argue the proposition that individuals freely and rationally choose to commit crime is a valid contribution to the discussion concerning criminal behavior. The classical tradition raised important philosophical, social and moral issues related to crime and its impact within society. But the assumption in rational belief is too simplistic to explain the differences in individual criminal actions. It does not account for those who are not capable of making rational decisions such as the mentally impaired or acts which irrationally occur unexpectedly. For this reason this essay would argue that this proposition is only one of many theoretical ways to understand why crime is committed by individuals in society. Bibliography Coleman C and Norris C, (2000), Introducing Criminology, Cullompton: Willan Publishing Garland D, (2002), Of Crimes and Criminals: The Development of Criminology in Britain, In Maguire M, Morgan R, Reiner R, (eds) (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, (pp. 7- 44) 3rd Edition , Oxford: Oxford University Press Geiss G, (1955) Pioneers In Criminology-Bentham 46 J Crim L, Criminology and Police Sci 159 Hamlin J, (2006) http://www.d.umn.edu/~jhamlin1/classical.html Hollin C R, (2002), Criminological Psychology, In Maguire M, Morgan R, Reiner R, (eds) (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, (pp.144-168) 3rd Edition , Oxford: Oxford University Press Jones S, (2001) Criminology, 2nd ed, Butterworths Maguire M, Morgan R, Reiner R, (eds) (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd Edition , Oxford: Oxford University Press Muncie J, Mclaughlin J (2001) The Problem of Crime, 2nd edition, Open University Sage Publishing Rock P, (2002), Sociological Theories of Crime, In Maguire M, Morgan R, Reiner R, (eds) (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, (pp.51-75) 3rd Edition , Oxford: Oxford University Press Vold G Bernard T, (2005) Theoretical Criminology, 5th edition, New York: Oxford University Press Walklate S, (2001), Gender Crime and Justice, Cullompton: Willan Press Wikipedia, (2006), Classical School, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classical_school

Interlocking Spurs

An Interlocking Spur Is a physical feature which consists of: a valley In the form of t he letter V, a river bank (the part of a river where the land begins and where the land slowly g higher and higher until reaching water level), a source (the first place in a river where water begins to flow), a channel(the outline of a shallow narrow body of water) and spurs. 3. The formation of an Interlocking Spur takes a very long time due to the many stage It must undergo to finally become an Interlocking Spur.It begins as flowing water which grad ally begins to erode the ground as it moves. At the same time rain causes the sides of the valley to begin eroding in a downwards fashion. In an attempt to find a path consisting of more resistant rocks. It begins to form small hills on the sides of the valley. As the sides of t he valley continue to erode, earth and rocks fall into the stream. They then become deep sited outside of the bends.This vertical erosion causes the formation of the narrow spurs, because the water is moving faster causing the interlocking spurs to be formed. Over time the spurs become more and more refined, so much so that it almost looks like a long zipper. 5. Examples of Interlocking Spurs: Interlocking spurs at Ashes Hollow, tributary to the River Severe Interlocking spurs looking up Kendall Beck, tributary to the River Breathy in Lake Did strict, Cambric,

Contrast and Compare Approaches to Hrm Within Two Diverse Countries?

Contrast and compare approaches to HRM within two diverse countries? Introduction Human resource management (HRM) means the activities of management in the employment relationship (Boxall and Purcell, 2003). The use of strategic HRM in an organisation helps function with its various activities like training n development, motivation, recruitment, employee selection, leadership, communication and reach their milestones. HRM strategy helps an organisation to focus on its micro-strategic issues. It also helps to provide a robust and link between its various activities conducted in a HRM department (Beardwell, 2004). This essay will cover the importance of understanding HR practices of two diverse countries. The study of comparative HRM is necessary to build a bridge between two different cultures. For example UK there is high rate of part time jobs due to a wide range of social and economic reasons. On the other hand, part time jobs in other parts of Europe are comparatively less. To know these difference and to easy cross culture businesses comparative HRM is necessary. In the past half century with the rise in globalisation, international human resource management (IHRM) has gained popularity. However the study of international and comparative HRM is regarded as an expensive and time consuming research (Adler, 1984; Brewster et al, 1996; Tregaskis et al, 2003). Hyman, R 1999 says that cross broad expansion has created a need for the deep knowledge of IHRM to avoid complex business issues Models of HRM In HRM, there is no specific approach or single way to implement it. HRM is a style of management which can be measured and defined or even compared against an ideal model. There are two approaches or models of HRM – soft Model and hard Model. Hard HRM emphasize the â€Å"resource† aspect of HRM, Legge refers to this as â€Å"Utilitarian Instrumentalism†. The hard HRM model focuses on the critical integration of human resource policies, systems and activities with business strategy. The hard HRM model characterizes human resources as factor of production. This means that the human resource is not the only resource capable of turning the production into wealth. Human Resources are viewed as passive, to be provided and deployed as numbers and skills at the right price, rather than the source of creative energy (Legge, 1995, p. 66-67). Hard HRM model requires calculations and deep thinking as required by any other branch of management. Thus it communicates through the tough language of business and economics. This emphasis on the quantitative, calculative and business-strategic aspects of managing the â€Å"headcount† has been termed human asset accounting (Storey, 1987). The hard HRM model is closely related to scientific management as it treats human resource which posses some skills/attributes that the firm requires. In contrast to hard HRM model, soft HRM model focuses on human relations rather than treating it as commodity. Soft HRM places an emphasis on â€Å"human† and is associated with the human relations school of Herzberg and McGregor (Storey, 1987). Legge refers to this as â€Å"Developmental Humanism† (Legge, 1995, p. 66-67). The soft model approach treats employees as valued asset of firm which gives the firm a competitive advantage over others through employees professional skills, commitments, adaptability and performance. Employees are proactive rather than passive inputs into productive processes, capable of development, worthy of trust and collaboration which is achieved through participation (Legge, 1995, pp 66-67). The soft Model inspires employee’s resourcefulness by increasing employee commitment, participation and involvement. Walton (1985, p. 79) suggests that â€Å"a model that assumes low employee commitment and that is designed to produce reliable if not outstanding performance simply cannot match the standards of excellence set by world-class competitors† and discusses the choice that managers have between a strategy based on imposing control and a strategy based on eliciting commitment. (Legge, 1995) in her analysis says that â€Å"use of HRM styles like hard and soft models in an organisation has always been debatable†. These models are primarily within normative, or prescriptive, models of human resource management. Soft HRM is associated with the human relations movement, the utilization of individual talents (McGregor, 1960). Soft HRM is also associated with the goals of flexibility and adaptability and implies that communication plays a central role in management (Storey and Sisson 1993). Hard HRM, on the other hand, stresses on the importance of ‘strategic fit', where human resource policies and practices are closely linked to the strategic objectives of the organization (external fit), and are coherent among themselves (internal fit) ( Baird and Meshoulam,1988). In UK, firms generally rely on numerical forms of flexibility than ualitative form. Both of these are supported by soft HRM models and theories of flexible specialisation. Hence UK employment system has failed to adopt best practice of HRM models. Almond, 2001 says in times of short term pressure if there is a lack of institutional lock-in to soft HRM firms resort to management unilateralism. However in Russia employees are tr eated as human capital and are used to generate revenues for the organization. In Russia predominantly hard HRM model approach exists. The employee is like commodity which is found worthy if there is a short supply or plays a central role in company’s goals. The implementation of the hard Model varies from company to company depending on the calculations and quantitative approaches in a rational manner. In Russia the companies have authoritative, hierarchical, bureaucratic type of structure whereas in UK the companies have participative management approaches, team concepts, and greater employee involvement. The Russian companies center of focus so far have been towards the technical aspects of their business – how to efficiently produce a product or provide a service, how to increase revenues and how to stay afloat in the market. However with the globalization of economies, many of them have started realizing the importance of other aspects of business – Human capital management, organizational structure, compensation, training, motivation and communication. In Russian, organizations perceived HR as a compliance function, existing to fill out forms and enforce rules, rather than a strategic part of organizational performance and success. However in UK the companies look at HR management as a strategic approach to an overall growth of the company. In this essay, using theories and literature, I will try to identify some of the key different HR practices and policies in Russia as compared to those of western countries like UK. Compensation, bonuses, incentives: In Russia, many of the small and mid size companies have no standard compensation system. There were no systematic, equitable pay scales and incentive structures flexible enough to withstand periods of growth and change. Most of the Russian companies’ main goal is to provide full employment. Unlike UK and American companies, Russian companies paid bonuses and incentives to their employees irrespective of their performance. However incentive pay was a traditional and integral part of the Russian compensation system. Most of the bonuses were divided equally across the organization or among members of a specific work group. Since employees received incentives regardless of individual performance, they came to see them more as an entitlement than as a reward for good performance (Puffer & Shekshnia, 1996). This approach complemented with the Russian culture of collectivism and high uncertainty avoidance. Unlike Russian culture, UK culture is more about individualism and social responsibility. In UK HR practices, the compensation system is focused towards employee’s performance. Management of individual performance: In Russia the HR have a different approach towards management of Individual performance and constructive discipline. Russian organization practices extensively the use of fines as a central focus of discipline systems. The employees are fined for every conceivable infraction. In fact some companies in Russia posted a list of standard fines to the employees as a reminder to the consequences of breaking rules. In contrast to this, UK HR practice follows a positive reinforcement and effective feedback techniques. The companies in UK have a formal performance appraisal and a feedback system. This helps in keeping track of an employee performance and interest and gives them effective feedback. Motivation techniques: In Russia the HR practice follows a centralized planning system on individual motivation. The company through its experience tries to motivate employees in ways which work best at that time. The basic technique of their motivation is to provide monetary benefits to the employees. This creates an even more expectation despite of employee’s lackluster performance. However in UK, the HR practices not only focused on employee’s motivation but also to maintain a high level. The HR in UK uses non-monetary strategies to motivate employees. Some of them are job enrichment, cross-training, and organizational support of training and education. Recruiting and staffing: The recruitment and staffing procedures in Russia is completely different from UK. In Russia, the HR practices do not lay emphasis on spending time and money for recruiting qualified employees. The companies in Russia do not spend on advertisement for recruitment. The whole recruiting and staffing procedures is rudimentary. In contrast the UK HR practices have organized application and selection process such as testing, group and individual interviewing. The companies in UK spend a considerable amount of money on advertisement to recruit qualified employees. More over recruiting and staffing is considered as one of the central strategies of HR management in UK. Internal Communication: Russian and British companies both realize the importance of good internal communication for smooth running of the business. However the communication happens more naturally in UK than in Russia. In fact internal communication is a key challenge in Russia. Lack of this communication between people is a problem in smooth running of the business. In Russia there is a common belief that if you tell too much you are losing the power. Russians love to talk about daily affairs except the core things for the company. Historically Russian organizations have been good at vertical flow of information but very poor with horizontal flow of information. In both Russia and UK, companies use formalized mechanisms to increase internal communication flow. This system includes instruments like intranets, newsletters, regular department/company meetings, suggestion boxes/systems, etc. The formalized mechanism seems to be more useful for Russia, since UK employees indicates that by the time the information was available via formal channels, they often already knew much of the information from informal channels. In UK, employees were much more likely to share useful information with another employee through informal channels than was the case in Russia. Training and Development: Training and development formed more competitive HR strategies in UK than Russia and were more formalized in the UK than Russia. The UK employees have more diverse backgrounds and work in areas which they are not originally trained. Hence they require more formalized training. In UK all the trainings and development is supervised and coordinated by the HR department. The HR department strictly monitors the training progress. In UK, the initiative for training comes from individual, superiors or the HR department. The trainings are conducted once the HR department has the formal discussion with the employee. However in Russia, the practice of on the job training is more prevalent. In Russia an informal training approach is used as most of the people have the desired skill set for the job. When talking about training and development for Russian employees, many HR and senior managers in Western firms maintain that a mix of hard and soft approaches and styles is necessary. Conclusion The HRM is transitioning from the traditional model which was focused only on administrative issues to a new HRM paradigm which lays emphasis on the strategic dimension of human capital management. The new responsibilities of HR require an integration of human capital in corporate strategy, to overcome the complex and diverse global labor market and to be able to incorporate young employees differing values and expectations than their predecessors. Due to global economic downturn, investments in human capital are not likely to be a high priority for organization whose very survival is threatened by the global downturn. But for companies with strong balance sheets and compelling business models, the economic downturn presents important opportunities to strengthen their HR management capabilities and position them for the inevitable rebound: Utilizing slack time to engage employees in professional development and technical training programs. This serves both to sharpen skills and to preserve morale during tough times. Opportunistic hiring of talented individuals caught in downsizing at weaker enterprises, which augments the company’s human capital base for long-term growth Promoting cross-divisional and cross-functional collaboration. This improves utilization of human resources and encourages teamwork between employees who previously had little or no contact. While termination of employees is an avoidably painful process, how companies manage downsizing is an important component of human resource management. Generous treatment of departing workers – including high-quality placement services and severance packages – not only creates goodwill among former employees who will speak favorably about the company and who may indeed return as â€Å"boomerangs†. It also burnishes the company’s image as an attractive workplace (â€Å"employer brand†) and thereby strengthens its capacity to recruit and retain talented persons when the economy recovers. Bibliography Beardwell, J. And Claydon, T. (2007) Human Resource Management: A contemporary approach. 5th ed. , Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd http://www. goinglobal. com/hot_topics/russia_jerome_education. asp http://mams. rmit. edu. au/d4lhtsmk45c. pdf http://www. rsmmcgladrey. com/pdf/managinghrglobal. pdf

Research On The Determinants Of Economic Growth Is A Common

Research on the determinants of economic growth is a common focus area in the economics – both because economic growth is an excellent indicator of well-being and the policy-makers want to know what fact2ors can affect this well-being. Previous literature has identified many factors which contribute to the well-being of a country and among these factors; Foreign Direct Investment is persistently seen. Economists have limited tools to measure well-being; reliance on GDP, GDP per capita, GDP growth rate, Human Development Index (HDI) and other such macroeconomic indicators are often used to measure the well-being of the nation. And it is equally important for the governments and governing bodies to find the factors which can affect these†¦show more content†¦This paper thus will add value to the existing literature and find the impact of FDI particularly on the African countries. The further sections will develop on the existing literature in this regard, the importanc e and need for this research and the empirical strategy to evaluate the research question. 1.1) Research Rationale Quantifying the factors which affect economic growth is important for policy-makers and some of these factors have already been identified in the literature. However, the direction of these factors on economic growth is ambiguous and this research will try to find a causal relationship between FDI and Economic Growth using empirical data from African countries. This research will add evidence on the research of economic growth determinants of and allow relevant policy-makers to make policies attracting or deterring FDI depending on the strategy the country wants to pursuit. 1.2) Research Question The research questions of the paper can be explicitly written down as: what is the impact of FDI on Economic Growth in Developing countries? 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